STORIES
Carlos Desrosiers, back in Paris
Carlos W. Desrosiers, NY artist is back in Paris for the solo exhibition “The Nature of Creativity”. he reveals for the first time his sculpture “The Planetary Prince”, along with movie created by his brother Joseph Desrosiers
Basquiat: King Pleasure© in New York
A spectacular exhibition of Jean-Michel Basquiat’s “King Pleasure” curated and produced by Lisette Basquiat and Jeanine Heriveaux (Basquiat’s sisters) and their stepmother Nora Fitzpatrick
Basquiat sells at 85M$ at Phillips evening auction
Six years after it last sold, Untitled (1982 / 239,4 x 501 cm) by Jean-Michel Basquiat went for $85 million at Phillips Evening Sale in New York establishing a record at $226 million on May 18th. The Basquiat painting is now the most expensive lot that the...
Basquiat facing his heroes
By Corinne Timsit and Léa HippolyteThis essay examines some of the drawings of his studio from 1982 and how they drew inspiration from individuals, his very friends, contemporary heroes, or art masters especially Picasso. By bringing forward and updating this unique...
NFT for dummies
The digital world allows for the infinite reproduction of objects, or turns them into merchandises. However, in the art market world, creating rarity and value is capital. Hence the frenzy of interrogations brought up when a new technology such as crypto...
Essay on the NFT Art movement
NFTs artists' success stories show the hype machine around digital trends and new ‘drops’, along with an important price discrepancy in crypto art sellings (from 100$ to 69 M$). To determine the price of crypto art, as the number of views should correlate with...
How to become a successful NFT artist?
When they have established notoriety, artists who are rushing to embrace NFTs have to think about balancing having exposure and maintaining exclusivity. The NFTs modus operantis still has to be fully assessed and the nascent but future-facing market has some...
Edgar Degas ballerina hologram’s worldwide tour
A hologram of Edgar Degas's Petite danseuse de quatorze ans (1927), previously on view at Christie's San Francisco and Hong Kong branches. Courtesy of Christie's. As part of the auction house’s preview of works in its upcoming May 12 New York sale of...
Federico Herrero and the Truthfulness of Colours
ArtPremium takes you to discover Costan Rican artist Federico Herrero whose colorful patterns on paintings or murals enliven the environment and cross boundaries.
Jean David Nkot, from Suffering to Resilience
There are many snippets which can be spotted. The faces hold a sad and tired presence. Sometimes, the maps become more realistic. Familiar territories emerge from the infinite roads that intertwine randomly. We recognise Europe and the Middle East. The work is...
Han Bing, Politics of Love
Politicians and economists are talking of a new colossus that little by little has spread new seeds. The time seems to be ideal as the United States is crumbling with an escalating gap between the rich and the poor. China’s vast territory, working force, and...
Dylan Rheingold
Back to portfolioAge: 24Location: [email protected]_drr_ (IG)www.dylanroserheingold.com/ Dylan Rheingold is an illustrator based out of New York City. She has a heavy interest in the areas of social realism, diversity & gender equality. She tends to work on a large scale as...
Daniela Ruiz de Esparza
Back to portfolioAge: 26 Guadalajara, [email protected] (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 103.Daniela Ruiz de Esparza is a 24 year old visual artist based in Guadalajara, Mexico. Her work is dynamic and revolves around representations of...
1-54 Paris opens at Christie’s
Mous Lamrabat, Fresh from the garden of Compton, 2019. Courtesy Loft Art Gallery 1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair, the leading international art fair dedicated to contemporary art from Africa and the African diaspora, holds its first-ever fair in Paris from...
COVID-19 and Cultural Life in Bahrain
With the movement of people limited; museums, theatres, and heritage sites have all been halted due to the crises that struck the cultural life and tourism industry. COVID-19 took the whole world by surprise. No one was prepared for the crisis and thoughts of...
Justin Keene
Back to portfolioAge: 29 London, [email protected]_ (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 109.Justin Keene is a fine art photographer based in London. His photographic work explores the relationship between identity and a sense of belonging in South...
The Fascinating Generation Z
Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020 in the "We Believe in" sectionThe youth are the future. In a world of changing political and social times, we are amongst a field of dynamic discourse and developing the new world around us… our new technological...
Lynn Chang
Back to portfolioAge: 23 Seoul, South [email protected] (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 109.Lynn Chang is a 23 year old (b. 1996) sculpture artist based in Seoul, South Korea. Chang is interested in fantasy and form and how these two...
Sarah Shecker
Back to portfolioAge: 22New York City, NY, [email protected] (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 112.Sarah Shecker is a 22 year old documentary photography in New York City. Her work revolves around youth skate culture. She is currently pursuing a...
Monica Ikegwu
Back to portfolioAge: 21 Baltimore, MD, [email protected] (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 132.Monika Ikegwu is a painter based in Baltimore, Maryland. Her work explores the perceptions individuals and their stories, specifically African-Americans....
Allison Dickermen
Back to portfolioAge: 20 New York, [email protected]_dick (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 113.Allison Dickermen is an interdisciplinary artist based in New York. She works primarily in photography and collage in hopes of uncovering a common essence. Her...
Allison Morris
Back to portfolioAge: 26 Montreal, QC @allymorr (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 103.Allison Morris is a fine art photographer based in Montreal, Quebec. She has exhibited internationally in Florence, Rome, Belgrade, and Sardinia. Allison’s...
Haley Manchon
Back to portfolioAge: 21 New York, [email protected] (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 113.Haley Manchon grew up in a small town outside of Philadelphia and received her BFA at the Maryland Institute College of Art in 2018. She now shares a studio and...
Oscar Yi Hou
Back to portfolio Age: 21 New York, [email protected] (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 90.Oscar yi Hou is a 21 year old visual artist based in New York City. His work is first and foremost driven by a desire to paint humanness, and is rooted in the...
Ohemaa Dixon
Back to portfolio Age: 21 New York, [email protected] (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 90.Ohemaa Dixon (1998) is a fine art photographer located in New York. Art is an important part of Ohemaa’s purpose and as a minority artist, she wants to work...
Caleb Stein
Back to portfolio Age: 25 Hanoi, [email protected] (IG) Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020, page 94.Caleb Stein (b. 1994, England) is a multi-media artist who focuses on photography and its relationship to memory. His work explores community and the...
Artists on the Rise: the Awakening
Published on ArtPremium Magazine Winter 2020 in the "We Believe in" sectionWe live in an absolutely remarkable period of time, in which discoveries, technological advances, systems of realizations, and, evidently, the materialistic formation of thoughts and...
Postgraduate Opportunities for Artists
It can be endless, depending on the will and determination of the artist. Where traditional paths may have in the past seemed more difficult to find success, many postgraduate young artists are now turning towards accessible platforms of social media, in order to open...
Salma Al Najem – Suicide and Redemption
Photos: Hady Elcott Salman Al Najem’s work is a dialogue that questions issues related to important parts of the human experience. Salman aims to redirect humankind’s attention from mortal desires, fascination with material wealth and luxury, mediocrity, vanity...
Hitomi Sato and the Attraction of Light
The Japanese emerging artist based in Tokyo has a notable background in architecture and design from her study at the Musashino Art University that impacted her aesthetic. Focused on the harmony of light and humans, Hitomi Sato finds inspiration in the...
Water & Ashes for Creative (R)Evolution: Art in the HK Protests
The exhibition in Paris is inspired by the plethora of recent creations by various artists and the Hong Kong public during the recent protests against police violence and authoritarianism. The leaderless movement and its fluid, innovative tactics in Hong Kong...
Imaginary Landscapes of Laura Berson
Through her use of poetic and profound subject matter, Laura Berson is on a quest to figure out her position in the world in relation to the elements that surround us. Specialising in portrait and landscape photography and having won multiple awards, Berson has...
“What my I’s have seen”, by Koby Martin in London
For his solo exhibition show, WHAT MY I’S HAVE SEEN, Koby Martin, Ghanaian-born painter, (b.1988) based in London, is collaborating with both The Who Gallery and Disturbing London for his most personal and intimate exhibition to date. After revealing to his...
Berend Strik, Deciphering the Artist’s mind
How is art transcending the artist’s historical and physical creative action? Dutch artist Berend Strik’s ongoing project Deciphering the Artist’s mind is the unfinished travel initiated in 2012 around past and present art memory, taking form in an immense body...
Miguel Chevalier Digital Supernova at Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Rodez
Chevalier will be exhibiting a new generative virtual reality installation. Thirty different colored networks of light, combine with beautiful pictures explosions of massive stars and supernova remnant, develop one after the other. For this monumental...
Carlos W. Desrosiers: The Experience, an immersive exhibition in Paris
“When a piece is done, it always feels like a complete song to me. There is no more instruments, notes, or tones needed.“ Carlos W. Desrosiers’ upcoming exhibition from June 23 to July 31 at VOS Paris challenges the status quo of exhibiting art on...
Art & Language Too Much – In conversation with Philippe Méaille
For some critics and academics, it is difficult not to use exaggerated and indeed aggressively poetic language to the mythical Conceptual Art movement, Art & Language. In two recent articles by Matthew Jesse Jackson, Art & Language are described...
Mayasa Al Sowaidi : Revisiting the essence of Tea
Bringing together historical narratives of the West and the Middle East and to demonstrate the cultural richness of Bahrain, Mayasa Al Sowaidi will be presenting her series “Art of Tea” in collaboration with Corinne Timsit Art Advisory (CT2A). More than...
The continuously blooming Contemporary African Art auction results
The global art market is essentially characterized today by geographical regions, countries or continents. In that perspective, African art gaining momentum is reflected in the latest Sotheby’s London art sales of their new 2017 department on modern and...
Kehinde Wiley : “A history of complicated gazing“
In the continuity of the history’s invisible, repressed figures or colonial controversial episodes, Kehinde Wiley’s upcoming exhibition at Galerie Templon in Paris, from 18 May to 20 July 2019 comes from his observations and works created in Tahiti this...
A hopeful breath at the MCA with FEDERICO HERRERO
Currently exhibited in the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, Federico Herrero has taken over the two-story entrance of the MCA space, with his Alphabet project - a recurring motif of communicative and playful patches of colours from the wall to the...
First edition of Sharjah Architecture Triennial
The Sharjah Architecture Triennial is the first major platform to invite dialogue on architecture and urbanism in the Middle East, North and East Africa, South and Southeast Asia. The inaugural edition opens in November 2019 curated by Adrian Lahoud with...
ArtMadrid ‘19 more international than ever
Art Madrid celebrates its 14th edition from February 27 to March 3, 2019, in the Crystal Gallery of CentroCentro Cibeles (c/ Montalbán,1), with the participation of more than 40 national and international galleries that will show the works of nearly 200...
Scene of Events at Herzlyia Museum
The current group of exhibitions at the Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art features nine solo exhibitions of artists who combine photography and sculptural installation in various ways, to deliver such examples of the scene of events to our...
Hockney meets Van Gogh
The major exhibition 'Hockney – Van Gogh: The Joy of Nature' demonstrates the unmistakable influence that Vincent van Gogh had on the work of David Hockney (1937). On view from 1 March to 26 May 2019. Visitors learn about both artists’ fascination with...
1968 – Sparta Dreaming Athens at Château de Montsoreau-Museum Contemporary Art
The late 60’s marked the rupture of painting, where artists started turning to alternative forms of expression as a reaction against the changes and tensions brought about by contemporary society, that which the exhibition ‘1968. SPARTA DREAMING...
Manofim Festival Celebrates 10th Edition in Jerusalem
Launching the exhibition season in Jerusalem, Manofim Festival kicks off on October 23rd and runs for a period of 5 days until the 27th. This independent initiative run by Rinat Edelstein and Lee He Shulov is currently celebrating its 10th year,...
Günther Förg: A Fragile Beauty at The Dallas Museum of Art
Opening on October 21, 2018, and running through until January 27, 2019, the first major museum presentation of Günther Förg ’s work in the United States since 1989 appears at The Dallas Museum of Art in Dallas, Texas. The show is co-organised...
Bruce Nauman Retrospective at MoMA & PS1
The Museum of Modern Art and MoMA PS1 present the first comprehensive retrospective in 25 years devoted to the work of American artist Bruce Nauman (b. 1941), on view at The Museum of Modern Art from October 21, 2018, through February 18, 2019,...
Philippe Gravier presents Parent & Kuma at FIAC
Galerie Philippe Gravier will be exhibiting the sculptural works of French sculptor Claude Parent as well as Japanese architect Kengo Kuma for the very first time on the most iconic of all Parisian squares: the Place de la Concorde. The location...
Mega Retrospective of Basquiat at Louis Vuitton Foundation
One of the most significant painters of the 20th Century, Jean Michel Basquiat , will be the star of a blockbuster show at the Louis Vuitton Foundation, having been 3 years in the making. The exhibition spans the artists' entire career, which...
Post-War Italian Art: Tornabuoni at Frieze Master’s
Tornabuoni Gallery was founded in 1981 in Florence (Italy) by Roberto Casamati, specializing in Italian art of the 20th century. Spanning across Europe and the United Kingdom, the gallery has spaces in Florence, Milan, Forte Dei Marmi (Italy),...
Lee Lee Nam at Cernuschi Museum in Paris During FIAC
South Korean artist Lee Lee Nam is perhaps one of the most notable video artists of our time and will be exhibiting at the Cernuschi Museum in Paris during globally renowned FIAC, as well as satellite art fair Asia Now. The Lee Lee Nam Museum...
Special Projects at 1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair
Returning to London for its 6th edition, 1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair will be held this year at Somerset House. The 42 galleries from across Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and North America bring together a diverse set of perspectives from around the...
The opening of Bahrain Art Week at Grand Palais
Hosted by the office of Her Royal Highness, the Wife of the King of Bahrain, as part of Bahrain’s leading art initiative “Art Bahrain Across Borders,” Bahrain Art Week was welcomed at the Grand Palais on the 13th of September, organised by CT2A...
Gam ’s Vivid Artworks on the Life and Legacy of Sankara
Upper Volta was a colony of low strategic importance to France in economic terms, yet she subjected its people to harsh colonial rule. Growing up surrounded by stark inequalities, even after its independence from France in 1960, a young man was moved to pursue social...
First edition of Bahrain Art Week – Paris opens its doors at the Grand Palais
“The Legacy and the Contemporary Memory”, the exhibition of Bahraini contemporary artists, takes places at the Grand Palais in Paris on September 13 - 15, 2018. The exhibition, making part of the Bahrain Art Week in France, presents a...
Zao Wou-Ki at Musée d’Art Moderne of Paris: When the painting becomes a sound
The exhibition “Zao Wou-Ki - L’espace est Silence”, curated by Fabrice Hergott, is the first large exhibition of Zao Wou-Ki in Paris for the last 15 years. It assembled the large-scale paintings and drawings of the master of the abstract painting, who left a very...
Beyond the limits: teamLab digital art exhibition in Paris
The human is a being that often opposes himself to nature. Isolating from the latter, he creates his own world, seeking the security and comfort. Throughout history, he was building his own universe, moving away from nature. But with more significant inventions he was...
Conversation with Rachel Rekkab founder of UNFOLD Art XChange
Rachel Rekkab, the founder of Artem Holdings, answers our questions about her most recent venture, UNFOLD Art XChange, a contemporary ‘think tank’ for creative leaders to connect via their interests in the art world, and to discuss the...
Subodh Gupta at La Monnaie, Paris
Subodh Gupta, one of the best-known Indian contemporary artists and master of readymade, is represented this year in Monnaie de Paris with his first personal exhibition in France. This impressive retrospective contains his 30 most famous...
The Breviloquence of Art
Lee Ufan is a man who needs no introduction. In the serenity of his work, there is almost a phenomenological reflection behind his paintings. “It is the things themselves, from the depths of their silence, that it wishes to bring to expression.”...
The Leeum Museum: “Korean Rhapsody”
Known as “representing the beauty of South Korea”, the Leeum Museum’s architecture symbolises the 3 most important values of the Samsung Foundation of Culture: Korean traditional values, the movable nature of contemporary art and the importance...
What is it to be human?
rAndom International, a studio based in London and Berlin, ponder upon our emotional reactions to machines. More than ever, machines participate in our daily lives facilitating communication, transportation and cultural exchanges all over the...
The endless wave spectrum
Language is extremely interconnected with politics and the ways of the world, in this respect it is valid to say that it is a living system at the mercy of outer influences. It evolves as civilization does, however can technology be...
ARTIS, a place to call home
Artis, founded in 2004, is an independent non-profit organisation based in New York aiming to create a vast offsite network accessible to Israeli artists to penetrate the global art circuit. Its comprehensive programmes inspire reflection and debate on our...
Narcissus’ Reflection
Piercing eyes, still as a lake, printed on the glossy images by photographer Adi Nes entice viewers to peel off these well-crafted veneers and reveal an autobiographical search of identity and the reason of a nation. With his art, Nes is the...
5 artists from our “Contemporary Art in Israel” issue
Our first selection of fiveemerging and established talents who are shaping the Contemporary Israeli Art scene, featured on ArtPremium magazine.
Archeology of the future
Since 1952, Israel has steadily participated at the Venice Biennale confirming its strong position in the contemporary art field. Under the direction of Christine Macel, this year’s edition titled Viva Arte Viva wished to celebrate art. Tami Katz-Freiman,...
Curiosity killed the cat
Gal Weinstein is the enfant terrible who played with fire. The rebellious artist is preoccupied with showing the viewer the truth of the material, demonstrating, in the most as-a-matter-of-fact way, images of the unfiltered reality. The...
Designing the new Holon
Born as an initiative from the mayor of Holon, Mr. Moti Sasson, the Design Museum has converted the city into a cultural hub fostering pioneering design from Israel and all over the world. Inaugurated in 2010 and designed by the...
Where life and dreams are as one
Nostalgia to some is a feeling leading to sadness, a yearning for the past accompanied with regrets. American writer Michael Chabon defines it rather as a straight connection with the past: “is the emotional experience - always momentary, always fragile of...
Prix Marcel Duchamp to Hadjithomas & Joreige
Prix Marcel Duchamp 2017 Joana Hadjithomas et Khalil Joreige - Centre Pompidou, 2017, Audrey Laurans Once again the time has come to disclose the winner of the prestigious French award, the “ Prix Marcel Duchamp ” given by the ADIAF. This year’s edition has...
Motley’s the Only Wear
Tucked in the far right corner of the image, dressed in motley, specked with black dots is the artist duo Anthony Aziz and Samuel Cucher in clowning disguise as the silent observers in the woven chaos of Aporia. This iconography is a recurring motif to Aziz + Cucher’s...
Eamonn Doyle – “I, On , End”
When Heraclitus voices that change is the only constant, it is an oxymoron. The three photo books, i (2014), ON (2015) and End. (2016) by Irish photographer Eamonn Doyle demonstrate with a befitting articulation of staccato this modern rhythm of the city of Dublin....
Inspiring Actions, Martin Schoeller at Paris Photo with Pernod Ricard
Ary Ganeshalingam – Global Marketing Manager Chivas Brothers Ltd – London, United Kingdom © Martin Schoeller pour / for Pernod Ricard Elna Nordström – Product Development Manager Operations. The Absolut Company – Ahus, Sweden © Martin Schoeller pour / for...
A Matter of Blood
In the Jewish religion, blood is a cornerstone embodying the religion’s precepts. From their diet to whom belongs to the faith, the red liquid is replete of numerous connotations. The Israeli artist, Sigalit Landau centers part of her artistic practice in blood and...
Andres Serrano, The Way, the Truth and the Life
Andres Serrano is one of the most polemicised artists of our time. ArtPremium investigates the mysterious beauty behind his awe-inspiring images.
David Hockney: The Versatile Hand
Celebrating as well the artist’s 80th birthday, the museum is exhibiting more than 160 paintings, photos, engravings, video installations and drawings focusing on Hockney’s artistic evolution. The first part of the show unveils his initial steps where he centered on...
Karl Lagasse sculptures at the American Film Festival of Deauville
Karl Lagasse, French renowned artist was asked to create the trophy for the American Film Festival of Deauville, a special trophy inspired by his artwork Cryptogramme One. Since an early age, Karl Lagasse has devoted himself to the art field, creating at the very...
The Persistance of Memory
Armando Romero’s career is one to be envied as during his formative years he was taught by tutelar Mexican artists such as Juan Soriano, Francisco Zúñiga, José Luis Cuevas and many others. Although he was influenced by the muralists and their practices, especially by...
7 artists from “The Beyond the Visible Issue” (I)
Our first selection of seven artists we have selected in the Portfolio section of “Beyond the Visible” issue – ArtPremium Spring 2017.
Africa : Guest of Honour at the Photo Festival La Gacilly
Until September 30 will take place the 14th edition of Photo Festival La Gacilly, an event with two major themes: African photography and Man and Best.
Printing the World at Centre Pompidou
The gallery 4 at the Centre Pompidou in Paris is currently presenting Printing the World, an exhibition taking place until the 3rd of July, exploring the 3D universe and its possibilities.
Friday Artist to Watch : The Color Space of Hans Christian Berg
“New visual dimensions” from Finnish artist Hans Christian Berg are suggested in his series Visual Vortex as well as in Color Space, both being projects where the eye discovers light in different shapes and sizes.
South Africa under the spotlight at the Venice Biennial
Two major South African artists, Candice Breitz and Mohau Modisakeng, are representing the country at the 57th edition of the Venice Biennale. Under the direction of Christine Macel, Viva Arte Viva is a celebratory venue highlighting art and artist’s power in our society.
A Basquiat Skull Painting Breaks $100M at Sotheby’s
Unforgettable evening at Sotheby’s NY, young Japanese billionaire buys a Jean-Michel Basquiat skull painting for $110.5 million, second most expensive work ever auctioned.
Building Bridges, Not Walls
Until the 25th of July 2017, the gallery Mayoral in Barcelona will be presenting Building Bridges, not Walls, a retrospective of the Spanish artist Manolo Millares curated by Alfonso de la Torre and Elena Sorokina.
Artist to Watch: Kathy Lovas
In the manner of vernacular photography, artist photographer and major in Biology, Kathy Lovas analyzes images’ repercussion and role in our lives.
A Spring Symphony
Artist Miguel Chevalier animates the flora of the Domaine of Chaumont-sur-Loire and extends Spring into the deep Autumn in his exclusive multi-sensory, immersive digital installation, IN-OUT/ Artificial Paradises 2017.
Chamber of Reflection
Matthew Brandt, an American photographer based in Los Angeles, creates visual compositions where experimentation is the crux of his artistic universe.
Clemence Danon Boileau – You had to be there
Clémence Danon Boileau’s photographs bear witness to the set of choices she exercised in her everyday life. Her sombre use of colour and lighting speaks of a silent tragedy affecting every single one of us.
Cogito Ergo Sum – I Think Therefore I Am
The second retrospective of the South Korean artist MyeongBeon Kim is taking place at the Paris-Beijing Gallery until 17th June.
Venice Biennial: Viva Arte Viva
The 57th Venice Biennale is about to open its doors in May 13th. With the title, Viva Art Viva curator Christine Macel intends to celebrate artists, their work and life in this year’s edition.
Withney Biennial: America’s Condition
After a compromising debut and protests against Dana Schutz painting, the Whitney Biennial 2017 continues until June 11th.
7 artists from our Contemporary African Art issue (I)
Our first selection of seven emerging and established talents who are shaping the Contemporary African Art scene, featured on ArtPremium magazine.
Living with Art
From hinterland to the next epicentre of art, fashion and innovation, West Chelsea welcomes another upcoming gallery initiative in this charming and vibrant 21st century neighbourhood.
African Rebirth
Once again the Louis Vuitton Foundation has undertake the challenge of mesmerizing an audience avid for discovering new regions of contemporary art. After the success of “Icônes de l’art moderne” the foundation gives space to our African contemporaries.
Life’s Requiem
Japanese artist Chiharu Shiota immerses her audiences in her installations employing only two colours, red and black, she examines the life and death circle.
Parcours Fotofever Paris
Fotofever launches a parcours of Parisian galleries from 20 April through to 1 May during the new Mois de la Photo – OFF